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<title>LiveScript (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LiveScript (programming language)</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the primary web scripting language initially known as LiveScript, see <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">LiveScript</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">multi-paradigm</a>, <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Jeremy_Ashkenas" title="Jeremy Ashkenas">Jeremy Ashkenas</a>, Satoshi Murakami, George Zahariev</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developers</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">(same)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">1.6.1

/ 14 July 2020<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2020-07-14</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">weak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Scope</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">Lexical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.ls</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livescript.net/">livescript<wbr>.net</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>LiveScript</b> is a <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that <a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">transpiles</a> to <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. It was created by <a href="Jeremy_Ashkenas" title="Jeremy Ashkenas">Jeremy Ashkenas</a>, the creator of <a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, along with Satoshi Muramaki, George Zahariev, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The name may be a homage to the beta name of JavaScript; for a few months in 1995, it was called LiveScript before the official release.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div>

<p>LiveScript is an indirect descendant of <a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following <a href="%22Hello%2C_World!%22_program" title=""Hello, World!" program">"Hello, World!" program</a> is written in LiveScript, but is also compatible with CoffeeScript:

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-livescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nv">hello</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">-></span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'hello, world!'</span>

</pre></div>

<p>While calling a function can be done with empty parens, <code>hello()</code>, LiveScript treats the exclamation mark as a single-character shorthand for function calls with zero arguments: <code>hello!</code>

</p><p>LiveScript introduces a number of other incompatible idioms:

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_mangling">Name mangling</h3></div>

<p>At compile time, the LiveScript parser implicitly converts <a href="Kebab_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebab case">kebab case</a> (dashed variables and function names) to <a href="Camel_case" title="Camel case">camel case</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-livescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="nv">hello-world</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">-></span>

<span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">'Hello, World!'</span>

</pre></div>

<p>With this definition, both the following calls are valid. However, calling using the same dashed syntax is recommended.

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-output mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="go">hello-world!</span>

<span class="go">helloWorld!</span>

</pre></div>

<p>This does not preclude developers from using camel case explicitly or using <a href="Snake_case" title="Snake case">snake case</a>. Dashed naming is however, common in idiomatic LiveScript<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipes">Pipes</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Anonymous_pipe" title="Anonymous pipe">Anonymous pipe</a>, <a href="Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">Named pipe</a>, and <a href="Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">Pipeline (Unix)</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Anonymous_pipe" title="Anonymous pipe">pipe operator</a> <code>|></code> passes the result of an expression on the left of the operator as an argument to the expression on the right of it. LiveScript supports these, as do some other functional languages such as <a href="F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> and <a href="Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>; the argument passed in F# is the last one, but in Elixir is the first one.

</p>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-livescript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span class="s">"hello!"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">capitalize</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">console</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">log</span>

<span class="c1"># > Hello!</span>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operators_as_functions">Operators as functions</h3></div>

<p>When parenthesized, operators such as <code>not</code> or <code>+</code> can be included in pipelines or called as if they are functions.

</p>

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/gkz/LiveScript/tags">"LiveScript Releases"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/gkz/LiveScript/graphs/contributors">"LiveScript contributors page"</a>. <i><a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speakingjs.com/es5/ch04.html">"Chapter 4. How JavaScript Was Created"</a>. <i>speakingjs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227184037/https://speakingjs.com/es5/ch04.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livescript.net/">"LiveScript - a language which compiles to JavaScript"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preludels.com/">"prelude.ls - a functionally oriented utility library in LiveScript"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livescript.net/">Official website</a></span></span> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="JavaScript497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li>

<li><a href="ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_stack" title="JavaScript stack">JavaScript stack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> Inspector</li>

<li><a href="Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> Web Inspector</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Documentation generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors (<a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ECMAScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li>

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks (<a href="List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jasmine_(software)" title="Jasmine (software)">Jasmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li>

<li><a href="QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=LiveScript_(programming_language)&oldid=1293448370">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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